New tools of workshop of the designer including in practice

Language sql, being in 80-th year only one of the languages representing relational model, became the real standard not only relational model given, but also industrial SUBD. (At the same time, it - the example of purchase which becomes fast can burdensome.)

In real development of the most widespread organizational - industrial IS in most cases or in the most part of amounts of works there was a replacement of means of development with sql in including 3gl-language or language 4gl procedural type on languages and tools 4gl with the window interface on the basis of management through the menu and with use of elements of the concept of object-oriented programming (and preservation of opportunities of an output{exit} on sql and procedural language).

There were practically working standards de facto interoperabel`noj jobs with the data, first of all - the standard odbc.

Mul`tiplatformennost` became norm, mnogoprotokol`nost` communications for the distributed{allocated} DB it is realized on the basis of standards and interoperabel`nykh monitors of transactions, "internationalization" even regarding adjustments on tables of national codings of the data is supported.

New structures and types of the data, new operations above the data have come in practice: the unformatted elements, text-through DB and their processing, the GIS-DATA, multimedia DB, the hypertext distributed{allocated} DB, the distributed{allocated} processing and the processing delivered together with object on input{entrance} IS. In practice steps of real integration of the mentioned structures and operations are observed.

The approach to choice SUBD, first of all - for designing corporate DB varies, operation and which development is planned at least for some years. The economic bases and criteria for choice SUBD (see [Zinder95a]) are more and more used.

Objective orientation in designing a DB here is not considered{examined} as new tool of Workshop already real-life in practice. (there is no objective focused programming.) Now it is represented proved to attribute{relate} such designing still to directions of researches.

To new approaches in the organization of designing of a DB

As new requirements in big if not determining degree are connected to growth of speed of changes in requirements to IS, new approaches in methods of designing are inextricably related with the new organization of designing.

Cascade circuits of the organization of designing ON for IS enough for a long time began to be transformed to cyclic forms. So, the organization of proceeding development ibm corp. (see [Foks85]) provided continuous controllable development of program system as transfer to operation of its{her} new versions.

Now various cyclic and spiral circuits are considered{examined} as means of use of advantages of approaches of fast prototyping IS with exception of their lacks (uncontrollability) at the expense of use of classical structural methods on each coil of a spiral.

However, such cyclic circuits save many old lacks of structural methods. For conditions N.S.P. The important lacks are:

Labour input of modification in working components;

Restrictions of opportunities of componental designing using complete sets and perekomplektacii various ready components.

There are also others, for example, bulkiness of conducting the design documentation. All this completely concerns and to designing a DB.

In conditions of componental designing the organizational circuit of designing of a DB should look as the circuit of parallel spiral designing of components of a DB and them kompleksirovanija necessarily.

Often it is possible to meet statements, that object-oriented designing and programming solve the problems generated by the structural approach and remaining at use of cyclic circuits. However, with use of such technologies questions of semantic interoperability, especially - at componental designing, can become complicated in a reality even more because of inkapsulirovannosti descriptions and smaller attention to discipline of documenting of the data. It is represented what to draw conclusions on borders of applicability of these approaches still early.

From new requirements to types and sources of the information - to new architectural principles of a DB

The major problem{task} of designing of architecture of a corporate DB is maintenance of job with the diversified types and sources of the information. According to real practice by sources and consumers of the information the head office of holding or the device of the ministry, but also the enterprise of other branches (possible{probable} suppliers and consumers, the state regulating bodies, etc.) serve not only divisions of the given enterprise. The principle of globalization of business dictates: sources and consumers of the information will be in any geographical point where it appears it is necessary.

From here decisions follow strategic for architecture of a DB and IS as a whole. Association of requirements to dynamics{changes} and a variety of types of the information streams processable in IS, in view of growth of their volumes, and requirements to a variety of methods of processing allows to give the following generalized characteristic of the technologies forming architecture of a DB in structure IS:

Componental technology of designing and perekomplektacii in detail focused operational DB admitting job of users through general{common}, including, for Storehouse of the Data, interfaces;

The expanded technology of Storehouse of the Data, integrating the historical formatted data, archival text documents, sound and videoarchives, and also the cartographical data, and including means of the operative analytical data processing, necessary kinds of "friendly" interfaces, for example: hypertext, GeoInformSistem, etc.;

Openness of a DB for inclusion in it{her} and reception from it{her} the information with use of principles of the Global Information data highway;

The architecture of Open Systems expanded with methods and means of componental formation: at the top level it is an openness of componental designing of a DB and a free exchange with sources of the information of any external systems, at the bottom level - a technological openness of a DB on the basis of standards of bearableness, interoperability, scalability and dr..

The expanded technology of Integrated Storehouse forces to bring an attention to the question on development of the integrated set of interfaces of the user which would create natural conditions for job with the information and functions without dependence from on a new basis the developer is compelled to attribute{relate} to what class of the stored{kept} data today his{its} (user) the information.

To new approaches in methods of designing of a DB

As the answer to new requirements it is possible to consider recommendations to new methods and tools of designing of a DB. (Certainly, in the assumption, that all new is earlier someone already found out old.)